Makara and Karkaataka are the two samkramanas when the sun changes " dierction." But in each direction it crosses five constellations (raashis ). A year is completed when all 12 constellations have been covered.
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A Sourswamaana year is 365 days during which earth completes one round round the sun. It is a fraction of a day more and we have leap years when one day is added to the days of February. Souramaana is measurement of time by earth rotating round the sun .
A Chandramaana year has 354 days only. The difference of eleven days rises to difference of 29 days and a half in two years and eight months of solar calendar days. Therefore during 33rd solar month, 30 days are added to the lunar year and both years are drawn in line. Actually the difference is little more than 29 days and the extra 30 days are added only once in 29/31/33 and 35 years. The extra month is called ADHIKAMAASA i.e. EXTRA MONTH. The extra of leap year may be called Adhika Divasa.
Lunar month starts after Amavavaasya. In between Amavaasyas there is a Sakramana. LUNAR YEAR starts after samkramana. If there is no Samkramana between Amavayasas then theAdhika Maasa is introduced. When Adhikamaasa exceeds 30 days, KSHAYA MAASA IS INTRODUCED. ONLY ELEVEN LUNAR MONTHS THAT YEAR. THIS IS RARE.
Sun is named different between Samkramanas. Bhanu, Tapana, ----- and Soorya. ( WONDER WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THEB DIFFERENT NAMES. ANY SPECIAL CHANGES IN SUN'S MOVEMENTS OR CHARACTER? DURING ADHIKA MAASA THE HEAT AND LIGHT IS FROM SOORYA MANDALA ! NOT THE SUN !)
EVERY MONTH is named after a different God. Adhikmaasa is called PURUSHOTTAMA MAASA. (SIGNIFICANCE ? WE HAVE LOST MUCH KNOWLEDGE ! )
Our elders were far advanced in astronomy. West started with ten months a year and made it twelve only later. Both our calendars started with twelve and they sychronised periofdically. ( July and August were new months added by Romans and named after Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar. Months September to December suggest seveth, eighth, ninth and tenth months respectively , a Indian tilt!)
Our matthematicians were far advanced too to set calcutlations for casting calendars and horoscopes.
THIS BLOG IS JUST TO HIGHLIGHT THE KNOWLEDGE OF OUR ASCESTORS WHO HSADF KEEN OBSERVATING POWERS WITHOUT HELP OF TELESCOPES AND MODERN EQUIPMENTS. THEY HAD NO WEATCHES OR CLOCKS AS OF TODAY, BUT KEPT TIME TO HALF A SECOND OF TODSY.
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